File Commands

ls
directory listing

ls -al
formatted listing with hidden files

cd dir
change directory to dir

cd
change to home

pwd
show current directory

mkdir dir
create a directory dir

rm file
delete file

rm -r dir
delete directory dir

rm -f file
force remove file

rm -rf dir
force remove directory dir

cp file1 file2
copy file1 to file2

cp -r dir1 dir2
copy dir1 to dir2; create dir2 if it doesn’t exist

mv file1 file2
rename or [...]

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Variables are a way of passing information from the shell to programs when you run them. Programs look “in the environment” for particular variables and if they are found will use the values stored. Some are set by the system, others by you, yet others by [...]

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We have many public domain and commercial software packages installed on our systems, which are available to all users. However, students are allowed to download and install small software packages in their own home directory, software usually only useful to them personally.
There are a number of [...]

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